How to calculate the formation energy of various systems
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There are a lot of different systems and formation energies one can calculate. The objective here is to try and provide an example for each case, which you can generalise.
Good articles to read for this are: Surface formation of BaZrO3 (that paper) GaAs surface (one of the first to tackle non-stoichoimetric unit cells) Cohesive energies of all elemental solids can be found in Kittel - Solid State Physics
Formation (or cohesive) energy of:
The Cohesive energy of a silicon
The formation energy of the silicon (001) surface
A simple interface between Cu and Co
A non-simple interface between GaAs and Mo